New Tax Code 2026 Belarus: Key Changes to the Special Part

We continue reviewing the key changes of the 2026 Tax Code

Let's focus on the novelties of the Special Part of the Tax Code. Most of the changes came into force on January 1, 2026. You can read the brief on the General Part via the link.

1. VAT

An increase in the VAT rate (similar to the Russian Federation, where the standard VAT rate was increased to 22%) is not provided for in the new version of the 2026 Tax Code. The standard VAT rate remains at 20%.

1. The approach outlined in the letter No. 2-1-13/Бс-01100 dated 10 December 2024 of the Ministry of Taxes and Duties of the Republic of Belarus "On the VAT taxation of regulated medical services" has been formalized. According to this approach, the provision of medical services, the tariffs for which are regulated by the state, using medicinal products, medical devices, and other consumables constitutes a taxable supply (turnover) from the sale of:

services– with respect to the cost of medical services, which is determined by the tariff;

goods– with respect to the cost of the medicinal products, medical devices, and other consumables used.

Thus, when supplying medical services, the tariffs for which are regulated by the state, the object of VAT taxation will be both the cost of the medical services and the cost of the materials used, invoiced in excess of the cost of the medical services.

2. The existing practical procedure for determining the tax base for medical services, the tariffs for which are not regulated by the state, provided with the use of medicinal products, medical devices, and other consumables, has been codified. The tax base is determined as the cost of medical services:

including the cost of materials according to the established tariffs, if the tariff is formed including the cost of materials;

excluding the cost of materials according to the established tariffs, if the tariff is formed excluding the cost of materials.

3. Effective since 01.01.2026, the VAT exemption has been abolished in respect of:

a range of cultural services provided by any organizations in cultural and entertainment (night) clubs and gambling establishments;

short-term (no more than 15 days) rental services of residential premises from the private housing stock supplied to individuals/organizations;

commission fees received by insurance brokers from insurance organizations for intermediary insurance services rendered to them.

4. The basis for the VAT exemption on imported equipment, instruments, materials, and component parts intended for performing research, experimental-design, and experimental-technological workshall be a corresponding conclusion, issued in the manner and form determined by the Council of Ministers. Until 01.01.2026, the procedure for exempting imported equipment from VAT was determined by Presidential Edict No. 202.

5. The day on which the certificate of completion is signed by the receiving party is established as the moment of supply for commissioning and start-up works. Before 01.01.2026, the moment of supply for commissioning and start-up works was determined under different rules and was not linked to the date of signing the certificate.

II. Profit Tax

6. Since 01.01.2026, the preferential profit tax rate (6%) on dividends has been abolished (this rate applied if for 3 preceding consecutive calendar years no profit was distributed among the shareholders of a Belarusian organization that are Belarusian tax residents). Now, the general dividend tax rate of 12% will apply to this income.

7. Starting from 2028, the preferential 0% rate will also be abolished. For insurance brokers, the profit tax rate of 25% has been established. An exemption from profit tax has been introduced for the profit of sanatorium-resort and health-improvement organizations received from providing sanatorium-resort treatment and health-improvement services; and the profit of organizations received from providing accommodation services. This benefit applies to services rendered incapital structures constructed after 01.01.2026 that qualify as hotels or similar accommodation facilities, as well as in capital structures of sanatorium-resort and health-improvement organizations from a list of such structures determined by the Council of Ministers. The benefit applies for a period of three years starting from the quarter in which such a structure was commissioned.

8. Starting from 2026, the investment deduction can not be applied to the initial cost of fixed assets for which no statutory service life is established and where the depreciation policy commission sets, by its decision, a service life for such fixed assets of less than 5 years, or to the cost of investments in their reconstruction.

9. Not an amendment to the TaxCode, however, pursuant to the new version of Edict No. 92, the right of legal entities to apply the investment deduction in respect of electric vehicles, including passenger cars, has been extended (this right also applies to electric vehicles acquired under a financial lease (leasing) agreement that provides for the purchase of the object, except for sale-and-lease back arrangements). To apply the investment deduction, the electric vehicle must be used in business activities. The deduction can be applied up to 100% of the initial cost of the electric vehicle, as well as from the accounting book value of investments in such a vehicle related to its reconstruction, modernization, repair-restoration work, or retrofitting. The right to apply the deduction will remain in effect until 31.12.2028. The right to apply the investment deductionin respect of charging stations, however, has not been extended.

10. A prohibition on applying the investment deduction has been codified for cases where an organization did not declare the investment deduction in profit tax declarations whose filing deadlines occurred before the appointment of an audit. In such case, the investment deduction can not be used for the audited tax period.

11. The procedure for determining the date of revenue recognition from the sale of goods in electronic distance selling under commission, agency, and other similar civil law contracts has been amended. The date of revenue recognition in electronic distance selling shall be determined at the tax payer's choice from the following possible dates:

the date of shipment of goods by their owner, right holder to the commission appointee, appointee, or other similar person;

the date of shipment of goodsby the commission appointee, appointee, or other similar person to the buyer,customer;

the date of delivery (sale) of the goods, as reflected in the sales report and/or detailed breakdown of such a report by the commission appointee, appointee or other similar person through whose electronic trading platform the electronic distance selling of such goods is conducted.

At the same time, the taxpayer's chosen method for determining the date of shipment of goods must be reflected in the organization's accounting policy and shall not be subject to change during the current tax period.

12. Elimination of double taxation: in cases where foreign tax certificates do not contain information on the date of tax calculation (withholding) or the date of tax payment in the foreign state, the conversion of the tax amount into Belarusian rubles is performed at the National Bank exchange rate on the last calendar day of the reporting period for which the payment is confirmed.

13. Elimination of double taxation: for the purposes of crediting taxes paid abroad in Belarus, tax authorities are permitted to use other documents besides the tax payment certificate (such as contracts, primary accounting documents, and explanations from the tax appointee) to supplement missing information.

III. Withholding Tax

14. Starting from 2026, the withholding tax in the form of the actual value of a share in the share capital of a Belarusian company, paid upon the foreign organization's withdrawal (exclusion) from such company, is recognized as a taxable object (unless otherwise provided for by the applicable DTT). A tax rate of 15% is established for such income. Until 2025, this type of income was subject to the withholding tax. In 2025, it was excluded, but in 2026, this provision of the Tax Code has been reinstated.

15. The procedure for accounting for expenses when calculating the withholding tax from the use of property has been clarified. When calculating the withholding tax for the use of property or from granting the right to use movable property, the following are included in the expenses: the amount reimbursed for the cost of such property, insurance expenses and loan interest, provided that the property is used under a financial lease agreement.

16. Furthermore, since 01.01.2026, the obligation of tax appointees to submit copies of documents confirming the foreign organization's expenses together with the tax return is abolished. Such documents shall be provided only upon notification, request or requirement of the tax authority. The requirements for notifying about the application of tax benefits have been eased. The obligation of a tax appointee to submit information to the tax authorities regarding the application of benefits to income of the beneficial owner has been abolished, provided that the total amount of tax not paid during a calendar year does not exceed 40,000 Belarusian rubbles. However, the obligation to provide such information remains upon receiving a direct request from the tax authorities.

17. Furthermore, if during the year an organization exceeds the established threshold (the amount of withholding tax not paid exceeds 40,000 Belarusian rubbles) and does not submit confirmation of the beneficial owner status, the tax must be withheld and remitted to the budget starting from the tax period in which this threshold was exceeded.

IV. Income Tax

18. Progressive taxation for high incomes. The following income tax rates are established in respect of income received during a calendar year:

Up to 350,000 rubbles – 13%;

Over 350,000 rubbles and up to 600,000 rubbles – 25%;

Over 600,000 rubbles – 30%.

19. Salaries will be taken into account as well as other taxable income, for example, income from the sale of shares in companies, loan interest, rental income, taxable compensation, remuneration of members of supervisory boards, income of attorneys and notaries, etc. Income that is not taken into account includes social payments, compensation provided under labour legislation, or income that is not recognized as a taxable object, as well as dividends, for which separate tax rates are established:

Up to 350,000 rubbles per calendar year – 13%;

Over 350,000 rubbles – 25%.

V. Other amendments

20. New provision of the Tax Code – souvenir and commemorative items are now recognized as income. Such income is exempt from tax if its value does not exceed 259 BYN from each source within the tax period. Souvenir and commemorative items are products intended to be given as keepsakes or for representative purposes, including medals, diplomas, award attributes, printed materials, writing and office supplies, badges, lapelpins, boutonnieres, keychains, statuettes, watches, and items of folk arts andcrafts.

21. The cashback benefit has been extended until 2029. If you receive cashback from a bank for a non-cash payment made by card or via an app, you do not have to pay tax on it — provided the cashback does not exceed 2% of the purchase amount. This applies to any form of refund: money credited to an account, bonuses, or electronic money. The amounts of such income, which are not recognized as a taxable object and are paid by banks to individuals, are included by banks in non-operating expenses.

22. Regarding income in the form of winnings (including returned unplaced bets) received by taxpayers from organizers of gambling games, the income tax rate has been increased from 4% to 5%.

23. Income in the form of interest and/or other income provided for by the documents on the creation and placement of tokens by ICO organizers (for example, on the FINSTORE.by crypto platform) will be exempt from taxation if, according to the terms of token creation and placement: their circulation (placement) term period exceeds one year; within one year from the date of commencement of their placement by the ICO organizer, no early redemption and buy back may be carried out.

24. Exception is if you are a shareholder in the legal entity that placed the tokens, or a relative thereof, or otherwise qualify as a "token-affiliated person". In this case, you pay tax on the portion of income exceeding the refinancing rate of the National Bank effective as of the date of commencement of token placement plus 5% per annum (for tokens in Belarusian rubbles) or plus 12% per annum (for tokens in foreign currency). The above applies to tokens created after 01.01.2026.

VI. Transport Tax

25. Starting from 2026, a transport tax will be payable on electric vehicles. No separate rate is provided; it is determined according to Annex No. 27 to the 2026 Tax Code.

26. The transport tax rates for individual entrepreneurs and legal entities are set equal. For example, for a passenger car with a permitted maximum weight not exceeding 1 ton it is 196 rubles per year. Previously, rates for individual entrepreneurs were aligned with those for individuals. This change is driven by frequent cases of tax "schemes" where a car is registered to an individual entrepreneur and then leased to a legal entity.

27. Organizations will calculate and pay tax for a vehicle for which there is no information about its type, or which is classified by tax legislation under the category "other vehicle" (i.e., those not listed in paragraph 1 of Appendix No. 27 to the 2026 Tax Code). The tax rate for such objects is set at 562 rubles per year.

VII. Excise Taxes

28. Electronic smoking systems and systems for consuming tobacco are once again recognized as excisable goods. When goods are included in the list of excisable goods, the new calculation procedure applies to excisable goods shipped (transferred) from the moment of their inclusion in such list, i.e., to goods shipped from 01.01.2026. For the purposes of this subsection, the following definitions are used:

29. Electronic smoking systems – electrical (electronic) devices for single or multiple use of various shapes, which produce an aerosol, vapor by various methods from a liquid intended for electronic smoking systems and are designed for inhalation by the consumer;

30. Systems for consuming tobacco – electrical (electronic) devices used for heating tobacco and/or otherwise affecting tobacco without its combustion or smoldering to produce an aerosol, vapor, intended for inhalation by the consumer.

Need help with tax matters? Contact us — we'll find the optimal solution for your situation.

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Ilona Mischuk

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Anastasia Neliubovich

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Practices

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Arzinger’s Experience in PRC-Related Projects

Key highlights of our experience:

advising projects involving Chinese state-owned enterprises, policy banks, private investment funds, and technology leaders;

structuring project finance, joint ventures, and manufacturing projects with Chinese capital;

in-depth understanding of projects with state participation, EPC contracts, and infrastructure initiatives;

adaptation of Chinese corporate, financial, and governance models to Belarusian legal and regulatory requirements;

advising on projects in sensitive areas, including currency regulation, sanctions and counter-sanctions, cross-border payments, and compliance;

acting as a local legal navigator, facilitating clear and effective interaction between Chinese investors and state authorities and regulators.

I. State-Owned Enterprises, Banks, and Infrastructure Projects

1. Advised on the credit financing of the first phase of construction of the China–Belarus Industrial Park “Great Stone”, where China Merchants Commerce & Logistics Corporation acted as the borrower and China Development Bank as the lender. Our team adapted the Chinese financing model and contractual structure to Belarusian regulation, ensuring full compliance with currency control and legal requirements. As a result, the Chinese side obtained a transparent and predictable project structure, clear interaction with state authorities, and confidence in the project’s stable implementation.

2. Advised China Merchants Group on corporate governance matters in a joint venture in Belarus, as well as on labour, tax, corporate, licensing, and other regulatory issues. We took into account the specifics of state participation in the joint venture’s share capital, the features of corporate governance, and the operational aspects of companies with mixed ownership. With our support, the client established and continues to maintain constructive and sustainable cooperation, successfully operating in Belarus and advancing one of the region’s key infrastructure projects.

3. Advised China Development Bank on amendments to a project finance loan agreement of a Belarusian enterprise. Following the cessation of publication of USD LIBOR rates as of 30 June 2023 (to which the loan agreement was linked), the parties planned to enter into a supplemental agreement to replace the benchmark interest rate. Our team analysed the documentation for potential risks, which were promptly mitigated based on our recommendations.

4. Ongoing advice on a project to establish a premium engineered wood flooring manufacturing facility in Belarus with the participation of China International Trust and Investment Corporation. Within the project, we advise on legal aspects of investment in Belarus, including the analysis and potential application of preferential investment regimes, which increased the project’s attractiveness for the foreign partner and supported the development of long-term cooperation.

5. Represented a Belarusian state-owned manufacturer in structuring a strategic partnership with Shanghai Rich Yield Private Fund Management Co., Ltd. for the launch of a new woodworking production facility in Belarus within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative. Our team developed the cooperation structure, allocating roles between the Belarusian industrial platform and the Chinese investor, taking into account the specifics of using a mothballed pulp production site and establishing a mechanism for the subsequent creation of a joint venture. We translated the Chinese fund’s expectations regarding investment protection, phased project preparation, valuation of non-cash contributions, and application of incentives into clear and enforceable obligations for the Belarusian side. This case demonstrates how a Chinese institutional investor can enter complex, capital-intensive projects in Belarus on a structured and transparent basis, relying on local legal expertise that takes into account both state interests and Chinese decision-making logic.

II. Manufacturing Projects and Joint Ventures

6. Represented Midea in the creation and structuring of a joint venture for the production of refrigerators and other household appliances in Belarus. We translated the Chinese investor’s expectations regarding control, sanctions and regulatory compliance, shareholding protection, and exit mechanisms into Belarusian legal terms, embedding the Chinese governance model into local corporate and public law realities. This approach enabled the Chinese side to retain strategic control over production, minimise regulatory risks, and fully leverage Belarus’s potential as a manufacturing and logistics hub for the EAEU markets.

7. Advised on Midea’s project to structure a joint production of microwave ovens with a large state-owned plant. Within the project, we conducted a risk analysis, developed a restructuring strategy with a roadmap, and prepared a full set of corporate documents (minutes, notices, share purchase agreement, charter, and shareholders’ agreement). Chinese documents were adapted to local requirements and included provisions to protect the client’s interests.

8. Assisted a major Chinese household appliance manufacturer in launching a new manufacturing facility in Belarus under preferential conditions. Our scope included negotiations with the administration of a free economic zone, substantiation of the client’s investment business plan, and preparation of an agreement governing the operating conditions of the client’s subsidiary within the zone. Our support enabled the client to agree on production and export volumes to the EAEU countries. We also advised on membership in a regional technology park, which opened access to grants for the development of innovative production.

9. Represented China Triumph Engineering in connection with its incorporation in Belarus and preparation for the commencement of construction activities. We assisted the client in establishing a company in the preferential industrial park “Great Stone” in the Minsk region, prepared all necessary corporate documentation, and substantiated compliance of the client’s investment project with the park’s eligibility criteria. In addition, we conducted legal due diligence of the client’s first planned project in Belarus, including verification of legal encumbrances and restrictions related to the proposed construction site.

10. Ongoing advice on a project for the construction of a new printing facility implemented by a general contractor on a turnkey basis, including design, construction and installation works, manufacturing and supply of complex technological equipment, and commissioning of the completed facility.

III. Trade, Supply Chains, and Operational Structuring

11. Assisted a Chinese equipment manufacturer in organising supply chains and payment flows between the group’s parent company in China, subsidiaries, and distributors in Belarus and Russia. The client faced difficulties in ensuring stable supplies from China to its distributors due to payment and logistics issues. The client engaged us to develop an appropriate resale model involving its Belarusian subsidiary. We analysed tax and foreign trade legislation, identified risks related to the regulation of intermediary payment services, and helped ensure stable and secure supplies of goods within the EAEU.

12. Assisted a Chinese manufacturer of electric vehicle components in defining the legal framework for doing business with Belarusian partners. We adapted the client’s operating model to applicable tax, currency, and payment regulations that could affect exports to Belarus and helped structure a transaction flow between Belarus and China in full compliance with international compliance requirements.

IV. Sanctions and Counter-Sanctions Compliance, Regulatory Risk Management

13. Advised a Chinese equipment manufacturer on US and EU sanctions compliance in connection with projects implemented in Belarus. Following a comprehensive analysis conducted with the involvement of US and EU counsel, we confirmed the absence of sanctions risks, enabling the client to continue its operations in Belarus.

14. Advised a Chinese private manufacturing company on Belarusian counter-sanctions legislation in response to restrictions imposed by foreign states (asset seizure, external administration, etc.). As a result of our work, steps were taken that allowed the client to continue implementing projects in Belarus.

V. Technology Projects, Digital Platforms, and Crypto Industry

15. Ongoing advice to ByteDance (TikTok) in Belarus. We provide legal support on the application of Belarusian law to the platform’s activities, including regulation of information, personal data, intellectual property, and advertising. We monitor key legislative developments affecting the client’s business and ensure timely adaptation of the platform’s operations to applicable requirements.

16. Advised a major Chinese manufacturer of mining equipment on expanding its business in Belarus. We adapted the client’s business model to tax, customs, and foreign trade regulations governing the supply of specialised mining equipment to Belarusian companies, taking into account specific restrictions applicable within the Belarusian IT cluster – the High-Tech Park. We outlined restrictions and conditions related to settlements with local partners in cryptocurrencies, as well as the legal framework for the operation of commercial trusts. We also provided a comprehensive overview of tax incentives available to crypto-mining companies resident in the High-Tech Park.

17. Advised Bitmain on the launch of the first large-scale crypto mining data centre in Belarus. Based on our analysis, we prepared recommendations to optimise the project, identified legal and regulatory risks, and proposed effective mitigation mechanisms. As a result, the implemented solutions enabled the client to launch the crypto mining data centre smoothly and ensure full compliance with applicable legislation.

VI. Negotiations, Cooperation with Chinese Legal Counsel, and Dispute Resolution

18. Represented a Belarusian fertiliser manufacturer in negotiations with one of China’s largest state-owned corporations regarding the construction of a new industrial complex in Belarus. With our participation, key commercial parameters were agreed and preliminary documentation was prepared; however, the project was subsequently put on hold.

19. Together with a leading Chinese law firm, advised the world’s largest manufacturer of mining equipment on corporate governance matters in a joint venture incorporated in the PRC.

20. Represented Huawei in a dispute with a general contractor concerning the recovery of additional payments under a construction contract with a fixed price. We successfully demonstrated that the additional remuneration claimed by the contractor was not recoverable, as fixed-price contracts do not allow price increases due to exchange rate differences where the contract price is denominated in foreign currency with reference to the Belarusian rouble. The case was won in the court of first instance, and the contractor did not appeal the decision.

22 January 2026

From Participant to Arbitrator 🎓

The competition is aimed at developing students' practical skills in the field of international trade law and international commercial arbitration – from preparing memoranda to participating in oral hearings on complex, practice-oriented cases.

A special moment: just a few years ago, Ilona herself was a participant in this very competition, and today she evaluates student performances in oral hearings.

At Arzinger, we are convinced that investing in young professionals is an investment in the future of the legal profession. Supporting educational initiatives and passing on practical experience to the next generation of lawyers is an integral part of our work.

We thank the competition organizers for their contribution to the development of the legal community and the participants for their impressive level of preparation!

17 December 2025

Arzinger - partner of sporting victories

On November 15, 2025, the Lepel City Sports and Recreation Center turned into a real arena of sporting passion!

The Republican Open Championship of the Lepel District in handball among girls born in 2015-2017, for the prizes of Arzinger Law Offices brought together the best youth teams from all over Belarus.

Young handball players from different parts of the country took to the court to prove that Belarusian women's handball has a brilliant future!

The championship opening ceremony was attended by Boris Pukhovskiy, a legend of Belarusian and world handball, and Sergey Mashonskiy, Senior Partner at Arzinger.

For Arzinger it is a great honor to support youth sports. We are confident: these investments are the most important investments a business can make.

17 November 2025

AI liability in industry: boundaries, risks, insurance

Whether we want to accept it or not, artificial intelligence plays a moreimportant role in our society than ever before. From medical diagnoses tofinancial decisions — AI systems increasingly take on tasks performed bypeople.

I. What Can AI Errors in Production Lead To?

Employee/consumer data breaches;
Manufacturing errors that harm consumers — for example, defective goods;
Workplace injuries;
Financial losses (due to equipment downtime or increased product defects);
And others

II. Subjectsof Liability

EU Regulation — at the forefront, but with its difficulties

In the EU, artificial intelligence is regulated by Regulation (EU)2024/1689 of June 13, 2024, which adopted the AI Act. This is the world's first comprehensive regulatory act governing AI. At the same time, this document essentially omits issues of liability for errors made by AI in its work, which raises many questions. To develop this issue, the EU prepared a draft AI Liability Directive, which was supposed to provide various liability measures for damage caused by artificial intelligence. However, in February of this year, the directive was withdrawn. The reason stated was the following — interested parties could not agree; calls for simplification of regulation in the digital sector also had an influence.

Thus, in the EU at the moment, the main regulation of liability for AI errors is a general act — the EU Directive on Liability for Defective Products (hereinafter — the Directive). The main provisions of the Directive to pay attention to:

The Directive applies to autonomous software, including AI systems, with some exceptions;
The liability measure under the Directive is compensation for damage;
Any person entitled to compensation may bring an action against: (i) the manufacturer of the defective product; and (ii) the manufacturer of the defective component — in certain cases. If the manufacturer is located outside the EU, claims may also be brought against: (i) the importer; (ii) the manufacturer's authorized representative; or (iii) the fulfillment service provider. Joint and several liability is provided;
The burden of proving the product's defectiveness, damage and causal link between defectiveness and damage lies with the injured party;
Those who have paid compensation have the right to file a recourse claim against the party guilty of the damage;
Interesting fact — as a ground for exemption from liability, the Directive provides the following circumstance: the objective state of scientific and technical knowledge at the time of placing the product on the market or putting it into operation, or during the period when the product was under the manufacturer's control, did not allow the defect that caused the damage to be detected.

It should be noted that the Directive does not have regulatory effect in member states and must be implemented into national legislation.

CIS Model Law — trends in regional legislation development

In April 2025, the CIS model law "On Artificial Intelligence Technologies" was adopted — a recommendatory act that can be used by member states in developing national legislation in the field of AI.

Main provisions:

The law extends its effect to AI technologies and systems using AI;
The law introduces the principle of absolute and joint liability, according to which:

The principle of absolute liability is established (that is, liability occurs regardless of fault) in the sphere of relations related to high-risk AI technologies;
Joint liability of owners, possessors, developers and operators of AI technologies is established;

The possibility of bringing to liability in accordance with the norms of criminal, administrative, civil and labor legislation is provided (while specific offenses must be determined by national legislation);
The need to insure risks associated with AI errors is enshrined (the list of AI technologies subject to insurance must be determined based on national legislation by the authorized state body);
Mutual insurance is allowed with the possibility of establishing special conditions for insuring risks of causing harm during testing and pilot operation of certain categories of AI technologies.

The situation in Belarus — how can an error madeby AI in production be regulated in theory now?

At the moment, Belarusian legislation lacks special regulation of liability for damage caused by errors of AI systems. There are many concepts about whether a person can be held liable for a robot's errors, especially when it comes to highly autonomous systems. The main approach currently is that a person/company bears responsibility for the actions of autonomous systems. Thus, those who may be held liable for the damage caused include:

A company that created a defective product using AI that caused damage (for example, liability is possible under the Law "On Consumer Protection") / a company that introduced AI into production and is unable to ensure safe working conditions (when harming an employee of the enterprise). It is possible to hold the head of the organization or another person responsible for equipment safety, etc. liable (for example, a programmer in the company responsible for software technical support);
An AI developer company integrated into production (it is possible to file claims in the order of recourse). An important point — the enterprise must be able to prove that defects in products / other errors were caused precisely by a poorly developed AI system.

III. Risk insurance

Today in Belarus there is no practice of insuring risks associated with the use of AI technologies.

At the same time, some countries have actively begun to implement insurance in the field of AI.

For example, in the Lloyd's of London insurance market, they began to offer insurance that covers risks and/or losses associated with errors of chatbot sand other artificial intelligence tools.

There is an opinion that liability insurance when using AI fits into the general concept of cyber risk insurance. The global market already has specialized insurance products, such as cyber insurance, professional liability insurance and technology risk insurance, which cover losses from incidents involving AI. For example, similar products already exist in Russia, and they can be adapted to cover risks associated with AI. However, the market is still at the beginning of its development.

At the same time, provisions on insurance of such risks are also enshrined in the CIS model law.

It can be expected that in the coming years, Belarusian legislation will be adapted taking into account global trends, and insurance organizations will begin to develop specialized products to cover losses arising from the use of AI in industry.

13 November 2025

Unnecessary innovation: how to protect yourself from unfair actions of a developer

Even the most promising projects can encounter serious challenges, especially when a developer improperly fulfills its contractual obligations. This is exactly what happened with our client — a Belarusian company specializing in the production of industrial and household metering devices.

The client concluded a contract for research and development work. The goal was ambitious — to create an innovative device that meets modern requirements of industrial enterprises and can be sold in foreign markets as well.

However, it subsequently became obvious that the project implementation would not be simple. The developer deviated from the technical specification requirements without notifying the customer. Despite repeated attempts to resolve the problem peacefully, including negotiations and joint testing, the developer refused to acknowledge the validity of the customer's claims and demanded full payment under the contract.

For the client, this became a critical point: the developed product did not meet the contract requirements, and the developer, instead of constructive dialogue and problem resolution, took a "defensive" position, fearing court. Continuing cooperation under such conditions made no sense.

Legal Protection

Ultimately, the client decided to terminate the contract. Given the contract terms, this required going to court and proving violations by the developer. In addition to the need to explain technical nuances, an additional difficulty of the process was related to the client's signing of work completion certificates.

With the assistance of the Arzinger legal team, an analysis of the evidence base was conducted and a legal position and case strategy were developed. At the pre-trial negotiation stage, it was possible to obtain written confirmation from the developer about the existence of defects in the work, which was critically important fo rsubstantiating the customer's position in court. All this led to a successful result: the first instance court supported the client's stated claims.

The developer's attempts to challenge the court decision in appellate and cassation instances were unsuccessful: the judicial instances confirmed the validity of the decision.

What Other Clients Should Know

Key aspects of protecting customers' interests when developing innovative products:

1. Detailed Requirements and Project Stages

When agreeing on a contract, it is important to detail and unambiguously record product requirements, stages, criteria for accepting work results at each stage, consequences of deviations from contract requirements. Where possible — identify requirements whose deviations make the entire development meaningless. Any agreements on technical specification changes should be formalized in writing.

2. Timely Recording of Violations

When identifying deviations by the developer from contract requirements, document this (with letters, negotiation protocols, reservations in certificates).

3. Risk of Impossibility to Meet Development Requirements

As a general rule, the risk of impossibility to perform research and development work lies with the customer. However, the contract can transfer this risk to the developer. In any case, if the developer discovers that obtaining the required result is impossible or continuing the work is impractical, they are obliged to immediately inform the customer.

4. A Work Completion Certificate Signed Without Comments Is Not a Verdict

A certificate signed by the customer without comments certainly worsens their legal position. But even with such a document, a court case can be won, although it requires more serious preparation. It should be remembered: no evidence has a predetermined force for the court. The court evaluates evidence according to its internal conviction, based on a comprehensive, complete and objective examination of the presented evidence.

5. Engage Technical Experts

The essence of a dispute related to innovative development may lie entirely or partially in the technical plane. In this case, at the stage of preparation for court, it is necessary to involve external technical experts (if the competencies of the customer's employees are insufficient), and in court — to petition for the appointment of an examination and the calling of a specialist.

6. Don't Be Afraid of Judicial Protection

When constructive dialogue is exhausted and continuing cooperation is impractical, resolving the dispute in court is an effective tool for protecting business interests. And it should not be delayed. Yes, such a step entails additional costs and the need to find another developer, however, as a rule, this is inevitable anyway.

10 November 2025

European parent company severed relations with Belarusian subsidiary and forgave all debts

A European parent company due to the introduction of another package of sanctions, decided to distance itself from its Belarusian subsidiary structure and did so radically. It sold its share and sent a notification of complete debt forgiveness for goods supplied to Belarus. It would seem that freedom from debts is excellent news, but how can such a transaction be legally formalized in Belarus? And won't this turn into foreign gratuitous assistance (FGA), which is associated with a number of additional obligations and risks for the recipient?

We thoroughly studied the situation and identified key points to consider:

Debt forgiveness can be a unilateral transaction, so concluding an agreement between the parties is not mandatory. However, there must still be a document confirming the transaction (for example, a letter from the counterparty about debt forgiveness);
Formally, the debt write-off procedure goes through an order from the company director with mandatory execution of primary accounting documents;
As a general rule, debt forgiveness should not be recognized as FGA. This follows from the fact that such a transaction does not fall under the definition of FGA contained in Decree No. 3 of May 25, 2020 "On Foreign Gratuitous Assistance." In addition, the procedure for handling FGA (acceptance of assistance, its registration) does not imply that forgiven debt on a commercial transaction can subsequently be qualified as FGA.

However, nuances are important here, as always in our work: each situation needs an individual approach. We recommend coordinating details with the Department of Humanitarian Activities to avoid unpleasant surprises.

Special attention should bepaid to preventing the requalification of debt forgiveness into a gift agreement, the conclusion of which between legal entities is prohibited. For this, it is necessary to collect maximum evidence of the parties' commercial interest in the transaction and the impossibility of debt repayment — for example, confirmation of sanction restrictions, impossibility of making payment, etc.

As a result of the work done, we helped our client resolve disagreements between the legal and accounting departments and properly formalize debt forgiveness without the risk of violating the law.

If you have encountered a similar situation or want to secure your transactions — contact us. We will turn complex legal issues into understandable solutions so that your business operates calmly and efficiently.

23 October 2025

Priorbank corporate business event

Klim Stashevsky, Partner at Arzinger Law Offices, spoke at the Priorbank corporate business event on the 9th of October and shared invaluable insights from recent Belarusian and Russian EU General Court cases, revealing what actually works when challenging sanctions listings.

The main takeaways of Klim’s speech:

The reality check: EU institutions protect EU institutions. Formal arguments rarely succeed – the Court follows "substance prevail over form”

What can work: Demonstrating actual absence of connection/control and highlighting the EU Council's assessment errors – particularly effective when the evidence base is weak.

The evidence challenge: The burden of proof largely falls on the applicant, while the Court doesn't require "ironclad" evidence from the Council.

Critical lesson: Failing to disprove even one point means staying on the list. But the appeal process itself creates space for negotiations and reputational defense.

Winning is extremely difficult, but when the evidence base is genuinely weak, exclusion is possible. The sanctions landscape remains unstable, and the relevant practice continues to evolve. Stay turned!

15 October 2025

Traffic lights of success: key control points for managing construction project risks

With the growing integration of international markets and the active development of investment projects involving Chinese partners, risk management is becoming particularly important for law firms and their clients.

Investments from China bring not only great opportunities for business expansion, but alsospecific challenges related to the legal, economic and cultural characteristics of the interaction.

Arzinger is a team of investment lawyers who are deeply immersed in the specifics of large investment and construction projects and have extensive experience working with foreign partners, including those from China.

We offer a comprehensive approach that goes beyond standard legal support: we manage risks, develop strategies and ensure reliable interaction with investors, customers, contractors and regulatory authorities. Our goal is to guarantee the legal, financial and economic stability of the project by maintaining effective dialogue at all stages.

Drawing on many years of practical experience in supporting the most complex and large-scale construction projects, as a senior partner at Arzinger with experience as a diplomat, investment consultant and banker, I would like to share key risk management methods in construction.

Our approach is based on risk management through control points – key stages at which interim results are recorded and risks are assessed, ranging frompolitical risks to the risk of commercial information leaks. For ease of analysis, we use a ‘traffic light of success’: green for minimal risks, yellow for insignificant risks, and red for significant risks requiring management decisions.

At Arzinger, we are confident that the success of large projects is born precisely where people know how to manage risks and transform them into competitive advantages.

Key stages (control points) of risk management:

1.Project financing

At this stage, the main focus is on a comprehensive analysis of the risks associatedwith project structuring. Inconsistencies between the legal and financial structures must be avoided, as they are a red flag that can lead to conflicts. We carefully check the possibility of carrying out planned control measures toidentify and eliminate threats in a timely manner.

We also analyze the terms of return on investment and investor guarantees, assess insurance policies and obligations, as well as the credit worthiness of key counterpartiesto reduce the risk of their failure to fulfil their contractual obligations.

2.Selection and delivery of complex technological equipment

Risks are associated with the technical compliance of equipment with declared standards affecting the quality and safety of the project. We monitor prepayment and return conditions, recommending optimal security measures, including advance payment guarantees, contract performance guarantees and warranty obligations.

Particular attention is paid to procurement procedures, marketing research, logistics, customs and sanctions risks that could complicate delivery. It is important to correctly formalize the transfer of ownership in the case of phased deliveries in order to protect the customer's interests.

This systematic approach helps to identify threats and create a reliable legal foundation for the successful implementation of projects.

3.Design

At this crucial stage, we focus on assigning responsibility for the accuracy of the initial data and correctly formulating the technical specifications. It isi mportant to monitor the execution and acceptance of design work, as well as to obtain a positive expert opinion and approval of the design documentation.

In legal support, we check the legal status of the designer, land documents, permits and expert documentation, including state construction and, if necessary, environmental expertise. We pay special attention to contracts with designers, copyrights, agreements on the transfer of rights and non-disclosure agreements to protect technical information and maintain competitive advantages.

As implified scheme for designing and commissioning facilities is actively used with clients who are residents of Great Park – see our previous article.

4. Synchronizationof key processes

The successful implementation of a project largely depends on the coordination of financing schedules, equipment delivery and construction work. We monitor this process to prevent downtime and ensure the precise timing of all stages.

5.Equipment testing and acceptance

For complex technological equipment, we organize testing to achieve guaranteed technical performance. The result is an equipment acceptance certificate after comprehensive testing, which confirms that the facility is ready for the next stage.

6. Acceptance and commissioning

Once construction is complete, we assist with the customer's acceptance of the facility and obtain all necessary official approvals from the relevant government authorities. This is an important final legal and technical step before launch.

7. The final milestone – a successful launch

And, of course, nothing compares to the moment when the facility is commissioned – when the red ribbon is cut and the team and investors can celebrate the beginning of a new success story.

This step-by-step, detailed and legally sound approach helps Arzinger ensure the stability and success of even the most complex investment and construction projects.

8 October 2025

Chinese influence in Belarusian architecture: a new stage of cooperation

On 19 January 2023, Belarus has officially permitted the use of design documentation developed in foreign countries, including the People's Republic of China. This rule is confirmed by the Decree of the President No. 9 dated 17 January 2023 and established in a number of national regulations.

A special procedure for the adaptation and acceptance of facilities applies within the framework of international agreements, for example, for the Great Stone China-Belarus Industrial Park. This approach not only integrates Chinese construction standards with Belarusian requirements, but also significantly reduces construction time and costs.

Resolution of the Council of Ministers No. 87 dated 31 January 2018, as amended, regulates the simplified procedure for the design and acceptance of facilities into operation. Design documentation developed in accordance with Chinese standards undergoes expert review in the PRC and mandatory adaptation by Belarusian designers, followed by state construction expertise on key criteria: mechanical strength, stability and environmental protection.

Acceptance of facilities is carried out according to special rules. Requirements relating to architectural, urban planning and construction activities are excluded, and the assessment of the facility focuses on three main aspects: compliance with the approved design documentation, achievement of technical and economic indicators, and readiness of the engineering infrastructure for operation.

Quality and safety are confirmed by the conclusions of state bodies such as the Department of Construction Control and Supervision, the Ministry of Emergency Situations and the Republican Centre for Environmental Expertise (the Department of Nuclear and Radiation Safety of the Ministry of Emergency Situations - when accepting facilities under its control into operation).

Among the facilities already commissioned are modern production complexes, logistics centers and sports facilities that meet international standards.

The experience of successful cooperation with Chinese partners and the gradual harmonization of the legislation of the two countries confirm that the influence of the ‘Chinese architectural style’ in Belarus has become a symbol of openness, innovation and mutual respect, reflecting the strategic partnership between the two nations and the spirit of the times.

7 October 2025

Assignment and VAT: the date that matters

VAT on the purchase of services from a foreign company and assignment of claims

In Belarusian business, there are often situations where services are purchased from foreign contractors. At first glance, it may seem that the tax implications are obvious. But in practice, there are many nuances. One of them is related to the assignment of claims.

Client's situation

A Belarusian organization (the Customer) concluded an agreement with a Serbian law firm (the Contractor). Services were provided inthe amount of 1,000 euros.

Under the terms of the agreement:

the place of performance of the services is the Republic of Belarus;

the currency of the agreement is the euro, the currency of payment is the Russian rouble;

the Contractor assigned the right to claim payment to a Russian individual entrepreneur.

The client had the following questions:

Is it necessary to charge VAT when concluding a claim assignment agreement?

How to correctly determine the tax base if the agreementis in euros and the payment is in Russian roubles?

Our tax practice position:

the date of the claim assignment agreement is the date of actual performance, on which date the Belarusian customer is obliged to charge and pay VAT to the budget;

the tax base is determined based on the cost of services under the agreement;

if the agreement is concluded in EUR and payments are to be made in Russian roubles, the VAT tax base is determined based on the amount of remuneration under the agreement converted at the official exchange rate of the Belarusian rouble to the Russian rouble set by the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus on the date of assignment of the claim.

In this case, the tax base includes the entire amount of remuneration without reduction by the amount of tax on the income of foreign organizations.

What this means for business

The obligation to pay VAT arises on the date of assignment of the claim.

The currency of the agreement and the currency of payment are important. Errors in determining the tax base due to exchange rate differences can result in additional charges for the company.

It is necessary to record the moment when the obligations cease. Payment, set-off, assignment ‒ each of these actions may become the moment of actual realization for VAT calculation purposes.

Our comment

We recommend that companies working with foreign counterparties:

analyze the tax implications of the agreement in advance;

take into account the difference between the agreement currency and the settlement currency;

record the date of termination of obligations;

if in doubt, seek clarification from consultants.

This approach reduces the risk of tax claims and avoids additional VAT charges.

If your company has questions about contracts with foreign partners and the tax implications of such transactions, contact us. We are ready to help.

6 October 2025

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